Three Heroes of Three Kingdoms, silk painting by Sekkan Sakurai (1715–1790), depicting Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Ten Attendants In the of the, treacherous and villainous officials deceived the emperor and persecuted good officials. The government gradually became extremely corrupt on all levels, leading to widespread deterioration of the Han Empire. During the reign of, the broke out under the leadership of. The rebellion was barely suppressed by imperial forces led by the general. Upon Emperor Ling's death, He Jin installed the young on the throne and took control of the central government. The, a group of influential court eunuchs, feared that He Jin was growing too powerful, so they lured him into the palace and assassinated him.

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In revenge, He Jin's supporters broke into the palace and indiscriminately slaughtered any person who looked like a eunuch. In the ensuing chaos, Emperor Shao and his younger half-brother, the, disappeared from the palace. Dong Zhuo's tyranny The missing emperor and the prince were found by soldiers of the warlord, who seized control of the imperial capital, under the pretext of protecting the emperor. Dong Zhuo later deposed Emperor Shao and replaced him with the Prince of Chenliu , who was merely a figurehead under his control.

Dong Zhuo monopolised state power, persecuted his political opponents and oppressed the common people for his personal gain. There were two attempts on his life: the first was by a military officer, Wu Fu (伍孚), who failed and died a gruesome death; the second was by, whose attempt went awry and forced him to flee. Cao Cao escaped from Luoyang, returned to his hometown and sent out a fake imperial edict to various regional officials and warlords, calling them to rise up against Dong Zhuo.

Under 's leadership, 18 warlords formed a coalition army and launched a punitive. Dong Zhuo felt threatened after losing his forces lost the battles of and, so he evacuated Luoyang and moved the imperial capital to. He forced Luoyang's residents to move together with him and had the city set aflame. The coalition eventually broke up due to poor leadership and conflicting interests among its members.

Meanwhile, in Chang'an, Dong Zhuo was betrayed and murdered by his foster son in a dispute over the maiden as part of a plot orchestrated by the minister. Conflict among the various warlords and nobles In the meantime, the Han Empire were already disintegrating into civil war as warlords fought for territories and power. Found the in the ruins of Luoyang and secretly kept it for himself.

Yuan Shao and were at war in the north while Sun Jian and were battling in the south. Others such as Cao Cao and, who initially had no titles or land, were also gradually forming their own armies and taking control of territories. During those times of upheaval, Cao Cao saved Emperor Xian from the remnants of Dong Zhuo's forces, established the new imperial capital in and became the new head of the central government. He defeated rival warlords such as, and in a series of wars in central China before scoring a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the.

Through his conquests, Cao Cao united central and northern China under his control. The territories he conquered served as the foundation of the state of in the future. Sun Ce builds a dynasty in Jiangdong Meanwhile, an ambush violently concluded Sun Jian's life at the against Liu Biao. His eldest son, delivered the Imperial Seal as a tribute to the rising, in exchange for reinforcements.

Sun Ce secured himself a state in the rich riverlands of , on which the state of was founded later. Tragically, Sun Ce also died at the pinnacle of his career from illness under stress of his terrifying encounter with the ghost of, a venerable magician whom he had falsely accused of heresy and executed in jealousy.

However, his younger brother and successor, proved to be a capable and charismatic ruler. With assistance from, and others, Sun Quan inspired hidden talents such as to serve him, built up his military forces and maintained stability in Jiangdong.

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Liu Bei's ambition. An artist's impression of.

Liu Bei died in from illness a few months later. On his deathbed, Liu Bei granted Zhuge Liang permission to take the throne if his son and successor, proved to be an inept ruler.

Zhuge Liang firmly refused and swore to remain faithful to the trust Liu Bei had placed in him. Zhuge Liang's campaigns After Liu Bei's death, Cao Pi induced several forces, including Sun Quan, a turncoat Shu general, the and tribes, to attack Shu, in coordination with a Wei army. However, Zhuge Liang managed to make the five armies retreat without any bloodshed. He also sent to make peace with Sun Quan and restore the alliance between Shu and Wu. Zhuge Liang then personally led against the Nanman, defeated them seven times, and won the allegiance of the Nanman king,. After pacifying the south, Zhuge Liang led the Shu army on to attack Wei as part of his mission to restore the Han dynasty. However, his days were numbered because he had been suffering from chronic illness and his condition worsened under stress.

He would die of illness at the while leading a stalemate battle against the Wei general. End of the Three Kingdoms The long years of battle between Shu and Wei saw many changes in the ruling Cao family in Wei. The influence of the Caos weakened after 's death and state power eventually fell into the hands of the regent Sima Yi and subsequently to his sons, and. In Shu, inherited Zhuge Liang's legacy and continued to lead another against Wei for three decades, but ultimately failed to achieve any significant success. The Shu emperor also turned out to be an incompetent ruler who trusted corrupt officials. Shu gradually declined under Liu Shan's rule and was eventually. Jiang Wei attempted to restore Shu with the help of, a Wei general dissatisfied with Sima Zhao, but their plan failed and both of them were killed by Wei soldiers.

Shortly after the fall of Shu, Sima Zhao died and his son, forced the last Wei emperor, to abdicate the throne to him. Sima Yan then established the to replace the state of Cao Wei. In Wu, there had been internal conflict among the nobles since Sun Quan's death. The regents and consecutively attempted to usurp the throne but were eventually ousted from power and eliminated in coups. Although stability were temporarily restored in Wu, the last Wu emperor, turned out to be a tyrant.

Wu, the last of the Three Kingdoms, was eventually. The fall of Wu marked the end of the near century-long era of civil strife historically known as the Three Kingdoms period. Historical accuracy. See also: The novel draws from historical sources, including 's. Other major influences include Liu Yiqing's ( Shishuo Xinyu), published in 430, and the Sanguozhi Pinghua, a chronological collection of eighty fictional sketches starting with the peach garden oath and ending with Zhuge Liang's death. Some 50 or 60 Yuan and early Ming plays about the Three Kingdoms are known to have existed, and their material is almost entirely fictional, based on thin threads of actual history.

The novel is thus a return to greater emphasis on history, compared to these dramas. The novel also shifted towards better acknowledgement of southern China's historical importance, while still portraying some prejudice against the south. The Qing dynasty historian famously wrote that the novel was 'seven-parts fact and three-parts fiction.' The fictional parts are culled from different sources, including unofficial histories, folk stories, the Sanguozhi Pinghua, and also the author's own imagination. Nonetheless, the description of the social conditions and the logic that the characters use is accurate to the Three Kingdoms period, creating 'believable' situations and characters, even if they are not historically accurate.

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Romance of the Three Kingdoms, like the dramas and folk stories of its day, features Liu Bei and his associates as the protagonists; hence the depiction of the people in Shu Han was glorified. The antagonists, Cao Cao, Sun Quan and their followers, on the other hand, were often denigrated. This suited the political climate in the Ming dynasty, unlike in the Jin dynasty, when Cao Wei was considered the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty. Some non-historical scenes in the novel have become well-known and subsequently became a part of traditional Chinese culture. Literary analysis. ^ Roberts 1991, pg.

940. Kim, Hyung-eun (11 July 2008). Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from on 25 December 2011. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is comparable to the Bible in East Asia. It’s one of the most-read if not, the most-read classics in the region.

Shoji, Kaori (6 November 2008). The Japan Times. In East Asia, Romance is on par with the works of Shakespeare. In the same way that people in Britain grow up studying and. Ng, On-cho; Wang, Q. Edward (2005). Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China.

Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2011-09-22.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Brewitt-Taylor (Translator), Robert E. Hegel (Introduction). Moss Roberts, 'Afterword,' in Luo, Three Kingdoms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. Roberts, pp.

^ Roberts 1991, pg. 980. Roberts 1991, pg. 965.

Roberts 1991, pp. 967-71.

^, p. 5. Hegel 2002, p. Vincent's Calligraphy.

Retrieved 2016-08-02. Bojun Shen, translated by Kimberly Basio, 'Studies of Three Kingdoms in the New Century,' in Besio and Tong, eds., Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture,. Roberts 1991, pg. 981. Roberts 1991, pg. 954.

Roberts 1991, pp. 958-9. Roberts 1991, pp. 959, 983. ^ Moody Jr., Peter R. (April 1975).

The Review of Politics. 37 (2): 178–179. Luo 2006, pg. 14. Hegel 2002, p.

Ix-x;. Constantine Tung, 'Cosmic Foreordination and Human Commitment: The Tragic Volition in Three Kingdoms,' in Kimberly Ann Besio, Constantine Tung. Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture (Albany: SUNY Press, 2007), p. Luo Guanzhong.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 15. Liangyan Ge, 'Out of the margins: the rise of Chinese vernacular fiction', University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. 'A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History'. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 53 (1): 93. Retrieved 11 October 2016.

^ Durrant, Stephen (1979). 'Sino-manchu Translations at the Mukden Court'.

Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (4): 653–61 654–656. Michael Lackner, Ph.D.; Natascha Vittinghoff (January 2004).

Chinese Bookshop. Archived from on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2012. Template, Madwire Media, MADwhite Wireframe BC.

Tuttle Publishing. Retrieved 2016-02-27. References and further reading. Luo, Guanzhong, attributed to, translated from the Chinese with afterword and notes by Moss Roberts (1991).

Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. Berkeley; Beijing: University of California Press; Foreign Languages Press. Hsia, Chih-tsing,'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms,' in The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction (1968) rpr. Cornell East Asia Series.

Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 1996. Luo, Guanzhong (2002) 1925. Romance of the Three Kingdoms. English translation by, Introduction by Robert E. Hegel.: Tuttle Publishing. Luo, Guanzhong (2002) 1925.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms. English translation by Charles H. Brewitt-Taylor, Introduction by Robert E. Hegel.: Tuttle Publishing. Luo, Guanzhong (2006).

Three Kingdoms. English translation by Moss Roberts, Introduction by Shi Changyu.: Foreign Language Press.

Li Chengli. Romance of the Three Kingdoms (illustrated in English and Chinese) (2008). Besio, Kimberly Ann and Constantine Tung, eds., Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

Essays on this novel's literary aspects, use of history, and in contemporary popular culture. Luo, Guanzhong (2014).

The Three Kingdoms. English translation by Yu Sumei, Edited by Ronald C.

Iverson.: Tuttle Publishing. Luo, Guanzhong (2014). The Three Kingdoms. English translation by Yu Sumei, Edited by Ronald C. Iverson.: Tuttle Publishing. Luo, Guanzhong (2014). The Three Kingdoms.

English translation by Yu Sumei, Edited by Ronald C. Iverson.: Tuttle Publishing.

The Three Kingdoms Andy Lau

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